Present Position: Professor of Biology, University of Kansas;
Address: Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas 66045
tel. 785-864-7366
fax 785-864-5321
e-mail greenfie@ku.edu
Personal Information: Birthdate and place of birth: March 2, 1952, New York, New York
Married to Valery Terwilliger (Ph.D., 1988, UCLA; currently Associate Prof., Physical and Biological Geography, Univ. Kansas)
Education:
1978 Ph.D.; University of Wisconsin, Madison (entomology; minor in statistics)
1975 M.S.; University of Wisconsin, Madison
1973 B.A.; New York University (biology; engineering)
Professional Employment and Positions:
1994 - Professor, Division of Biological Sciences (Entomology, Ecology & Evolutionary Biology), University of Kansas
1991 - 94 Associate Professor, Division of Biological Sciences (Entomology), University of Kansas
1987 - 93 Associate Professor, Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
1981 - 87 Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
1979 - 81 Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville (in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Insect Attractants, Behavior, and Basic Biology Research Laboratory).
1978 - 79 Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.
1973 - 78 Research Assistant, Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Administrative Experience:
2002-2004 Program Director, Animal Behavior, U.S. National Science Foundation
1995 - 99 Chair, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas
Visiting Appointments:
2002-2004 Visiting Scientist, U.S. National Science Foundation
1999-2000 Visiting Scholar (sabbatical), Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona
1989 Visiting Lecturer (sabbatical), Department of Zoology, Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem, Israel.
Teaching Experience:
1991 - Principles of Biology (104);
Insects and Human Affairs (120);
Principles of Organismal Biology, honors (153);
Human Biogeography, honors (410)
Biology of Insects (500);
Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology (625);
Bioacoustics (701);
Insect Morphology (708);
Animal Communication and Sensory Ecology (715);
Insect Ecology & Behavior (717);
Field Entomology (in Costa Rica) (789);
- Div. of Biol. Sciences, University of Kansas.
1989 Behavioral Ecology;
Mechanisms of Animal Behavior;
- Department of Zoology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
1982 - 91 Ecology, Evolution, and Animal Behavior (Bio. 6);
Entomology (Bio. 107);
Ecology (Bio. 122);
Behavioral Ecology (Bio. 126);
Field Behavioral Ecology (Bio. 132);
Seminar in Entomology (Bio. 273)
- Dept. of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles.
1981 Ecology and Behavior (APB 2151);
- Biological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Field Research Experience:
Wisconsin, Costa Rica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Florida, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Wyoming, Israel, France.
Language Proficiency:
Spanish, French – conversational, reading.
Research Interests:
evolutionary genetics; sensory ecology; behavioral ecology;
communication; evolution of signaling systems; sexual selection;
acoustic and pheromonal communication in Lepidoptera and Orthoptera;
acoustic communication in Anura;
bioluminescence in Lampyridae;
territoriality and alternative reproductive behaviors in Insecta;
Professional Societies:
American Society of Naturalists
Animal Behavior Society
Ecological Society of America
International Society for Behavioral Ecology
Society for the Study of Evolution
The Orthopterists' Society
Honorary Societies:
Sigma Gamma Tau (aero. engineering)
Gamma Sigma Delta (agriculture)
Phi Beta Delta (Honor society for international scholars)
Sigma Xi (Scientific Research Society)
Honors and Awards:
Fellow, Animal Behavior Society, (elected 2002)
Grants received: Extramural
U.S. National Science Foundation grant # BSR-8305824,
Evolution of alternative male reproductive behaviors,
(1983-1985, total costs $70,000).
National Geographic Society grant # 2666-83,
Alternative reproductive behaviors of desert grasshoppers,
(1983, direct costs $6000).
U.S. National Science Foundation grant # BSR-8600606,
Evolution of resource-based leks,
(1986-1990, total costs $120,000; T.E. Shelly, Univ. of Hawaii, Co-P.I.).
U.S. National Science Foundation grant # BNS-8918104,
Evolution of acoustic signal interactions,
(1990-1994, total costs $106,000).
U.S. National Science Foundation grant # IBN-9407304,
Function of acoustic signal interactions,
(1995-1998, total costs $143,239).
U.S. National Science Foundation grants # IBN-9407162, # IBN-9696138
Mechanisms of indirect sexual selection in an ultrasonic pyralid moth,
(1995-1998, total costs $211,345; R.D. Collins, Co-P.I.).
University of Wyoming/U.S. National Park Service,
Female mate choice based on male song parameters in sagebrush crickets,
(1995, total costs $2500; with W.A. Snedden).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency grant # U 915027-01-1,
fellowship for Amy McMillan, Ph.D. candidate;
Genetic structure of metapopulations (1996-1998, total costs $60,982).
U.S. National Science Foundation Grant # IBN-9807915,
Mechanisms of indirect and direct sexual selection in an ultrasonic pyralid moth,
(1998-2001, total costs $150,000).
U.S. National Science Foundation Grant # IBN-9816708,
Function of Acoustic Signal Interactions,
(1999-2002, total costs $200,000; W.A. Snedden, Co-P.I.)
U.S. National Science Foundation R.E.U. (Research Experience for Undergraduates) Supplements to Grant # IBN-9816708,
(2000, total costs $5000.; 2001, total costs $5000.)
U.S. National Science Foundation Grant # DEB-0131708,
Genetic Tradeoffs and the Lek Paradox,
(2002-2004, total costs $90,000; J.K. Kelly, substitute P.I.)
U.S. National Science Foundation R.E.U. (Research Experience for Undergraduates) Supplements to Grant # DEB-0131708,
(2003, total costs $6000.; 2004, total costs $6000.)
Intramural
U.C.L.A. Academic Senate grant #3721,
Behavioral ecology of gomphocerine grasshoppers,
(1982-1983, direct costs $3931).
U.C.L.A. Biomedical Research Support Grant,
equipment for recording acoustic signals of insects,
(1982, direct costs $1314).
U.C.L.A. Minigrants for course improvement
(1982-1983, direct costs $1058).
U.C.L.A. Academic Senate grant #3721,
Acoustic and olfactory communication in galleriine moths,
(1983-1984, direct costs $2831).
U.C.L.A. faculty career development award
(1983, $2400)
U.C.L.A. Biomedical Research Support Grant,
equipment for observation of animal behavior, with G.A. Bartholomew and C.E. Taylor, (1984, direct costs $2000).
U.C.L.A. Academic Senate grant #3721,
Acoustic communication in Neoconocephalus katydids,
(1985-1986, direct costs $3000).
U.C.L.A. Biomedical Research Support Grant,
construction of electronic multi-delay device
(1985, direct costs $2800).
U.C.L.A. Academic Senate grant #3721,
Alternative mating strategies among Ligurotettix grasshoppers
(1986-1987, direct costs $4000).
U.C.L.A. Biomedical Research Support Grant,
P.A.L. system for analysis of acoustic signals, with R.M. Gibson, P.M. Narins,
and C.E. Taylor, (1987, direct costs $17,000).
U.C.L.A. Academic Senate grant #3721,
Landmark navigation in insect herbivores
(1987-1989, direct costs $4200).
U.C.L.A. Minigrant for course improvement
(1988, direct costs $2000).
U.C.L.A. Academic Senate grant #3721,
Signaling and non-signaling strategies in galleriine moths
(1989-1990, direct costs $2034).
U.C.L.A. Academic Senate grant #3721,
Evolution of acoustic signal interactions
(1990-1991, direct costs $3600).
University of Kansas General Research Fund grant,
Evolution of signaling variation in galleriine moths
(1992-1993, direct costs $7236).
University of Kansas General Research Fund grant,
Function of indirect sexual selection mechanisms
(1998-1999, direct costs $10,000.).
University of Kansas General Research Fund grant,
Antagonistic pleiotropy and the maintenance of genetic variance in sexually selected traits; (2001-2002; direct costs $6000).
Invited Symposium Participant:
"Pheromones of Sesiidae";
Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America,
Houston, Texas, Nov. 1978.
"Insect Behavioral Ecology";
Annual Meeting of the Florida Entomological Society,
Daytona Beach, Florida, Aug. 1980.
"Mating Systems of Orthoptera";
Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America,
Atlanta, Georgia, Dec. 1980.
"Bioacoustics: Development and Functional Aspects";
Pacific Branch Meeting of AAAS,
San Francisco, California, June 1984.
"Behavioral Adaptations of Desert Animals";
Annual Meeting of the Animal Behavior Society,
Tucson, Arizona, June 1986
"Acoustic Communication in Anurans and Insects: Common Mechanisms in Behavior, Neurophysiology, and Evolution";
Annual Meeting of the American Society of Zoologists,
Los Angeles, California, Dec. 1993.
"Evolution and Neuroethology of Communication";
Midwest Regional Animal Behavior Society Meeting,
Carbondale, Illinois, Apr. 1994.
"Insect Mating Systems";
International Ethological Conference,
Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 1995.
"Acoustic Communication in Insects";
Annual Meeting of the Central States Entomological Society,
Lawrence, Kansas, Apr. 1996.
"Orthopteran Mating Systems";
International Congress of Entomology,
Florence, Italy, Aug. 1996.
"Neuroethology of Sensory Systems";
Midwest Regional Animal Behavior Society Meeting,
Columbus, Ohio, Sept. 1997. - invitation declined.
"Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Orthoptera";
International Meeting of the Orthopterists' Society,
Cairns, Australia, Oct. 1997.
“Social Behaviour in Vertebrates and Invertebrates: Comparative Evolutionary Studies”;
International Ethological Conference,
Bangalore, India, Aug. 1999.
“Evolution of Acoustic Communication”;
International Congress of Entomology,
Iguassu Falls, Brazil, Aug. 2000.
“Insect Mating Systems”;
International Congress of Entomology,
Iguassu Falls, Brazil, Aug. 2000.
“Detecting and Measuring Mating Preferences”;
Annual Meeting of the Animal Behavior Society,
Corvallis, Oregon, July 2001.
“From Endocytosis to Foraging Behavior through the Tropical Rain Forest: A Tribute
to Dr. William J. Bell”;
Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America,
San Diego, California, Dec. 2001.
“Multimodal Communication”;
International Congress of Entomology,
Brisbane, Australia, Aug. 2004.
“Sexual Selection in Arthropods: A Tribute to G.A. Parker”;
International Congress of Zoology,
Beijing, China, Aug. 2004.
Invited Seminars (Institutions):
Univ. of California, Irvine; Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Irvine, Calif., Nov. 1983.
Univ. of California, Riverside; Dept. of Entomology
Riverside, Calif., April. 1985.
Univ. of California, Berkeley; Dept. of Entomology
Berkeley, Calif., April 1986.
Univ. of Chicago; Dept. of Biology
Chicago, Ill., May 1986.
Michigan State Univ.; Program in Ecology and Evolution
East Lansing, Mich., Jan. 1987.
Arizona State Univ.; Dept. of Zoology
Tempe, Ariz., Feb. 1988.
Hebrew University; Dept. of Zoology
Jerusalem, Israel, March 1989.
Ben Gurion Univ. of the Negev; Institute of Desert Research
Sde Boqer, Israel, May 1989.
Hebrew University; Faculty of Agriculture (Entomology)
Rehovot, Israel, August 1989.
Univ. of California, Riverside; Dept. of Entomology
Riverside, Calif., May 1990.
Univ. of California, San Diego; Dept. of Biology
San Diego, Calif., November 1990.
Univ. of Nebraska; Dept. of Biological Sciences
Lincoln, Nebraska, March 1992.
Univ. of Missouri; Dept. of Biological Sciences
Columbia, Missouri, March 1992.
Kansas State Univ.; Dept. of Entomology
Manhattan, Kansas, Oct. 1992.
Univ. of California, Los Angeles; Dept. of Biology
Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 1992.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Balboa, Panama, January 1993.
Univ. of Tulsa; Dept. of Biology
Tulsa, Oklahoma, March 1993.
Univ. of Missouri, St. Louis; Dept. of Biology
St. Louis, Missouri, March 1993
Southwestern Research Station (American Museum of Natural History)
Portal, Arizona, July 1993.
U.S. National Science Foundation
Arlington, Virginia, Oct. 1993.
Univ. of Toronto, Erindale; Dept. of Zoology
MIssissauga, Ontario, Canada, Nov. 1994.
Univ. of Oklahoma; Dept. of Zoology
Norman, Oklahoma, Oct. 1995.
William Jewell College; Dept. of Biology
Liberty, Missouri, Nov. 1995.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Balboa, Panama, January 1996.
C.N.R.S.; Institut d'Ecologie et Evolution,
Paris, France, March 1997
Southwestern Research Station (American Museum of Natural History)
Portal, Arizona, Aug. 1997.
Indian Inst. Sci.; Center for Ecological Sciences
Bangalore, India, Aug. 1999.
Univ. of Arizona; Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Tucson, Arizona, Oct. 1999.
New Mexico State Univ.; Dept. of Biological Sciences
Las Cruces, New Mexico, Jan. 2000.
Univ. of Arizona; Dept. of Entomology
Tucson, Arizona, Mar. 2000.
Univ. of Missouri; Dept. of Biological Sciences
Columbia, Missouri. May 2001.
Univ. of Maryland; Dept. of Entomology
College Park, Maryland, Sept. 2001.
U.S. National Science Foundation
Arlington, Virginia, Nov. 2001.
Hebrew University; Faculty of Agriculture (Entomology)
Rehovot, Israel, January 2002.
Univ. of Maryland; Program in Neuroscience
College Park, Maryland, Oct. 2003.
Univ. of Windsor; Dept. of Biological Sciences
Windsor, Ontario, Jan. 2004.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (BARC)
Beltsville, Maryland, March 2004.
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing, China, August 2004.
Invited Lectures (Conferences):
International Conference on Insect Bioacoustics and Vibration
Erlangen, Germany, Sept. 1992.
Fellows Lecture, Animal Behavior Society, Annual Meeting
Oaxaca, Mexico, June 2004.
Presented Papers and Posters:
Annual Meeting of the Lepidopterists' Society:
Madison, Wisconsin, June 1976.
Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America:
Tucson, Arizona, Aug. 1980.
Annual Meetings of the Entomological Society of America:
Denver, Colorado, Nov. 1979;
San Diego, California, Dec. 1981;
Toronto, Ontario, Nov. 1982;
Detroit, Michigan, Dec. 1983;
Hollywood, Florida, Dec. 1985;
Indianapolis, Indiana, Dec. 1993.
Annual Meetings of the Society for the Study of Evolution:
Boulder, Colorado, June 1997.
Madison, Wisconsin, June 1999.
Chico, California, June 2003.
International Ethological Conferences:
Toulouse, France, August 1985;
Madison, Wisconsin, August 1987;
Utrecht, Holland, August 1989;
Torremolinos, Spain, Sept. 1993.
International Meetings on Insect Sound and Vibration:
Marburg, Germany, September 1985;
Odense, Denmark, October 1987;
Piran, Yugoslavia, September 1990;
Graz, Austria, September 1994;
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, September 1996.
International Conference on Acoustic Communication in Animals:
College Park, Maryland, July 2003.
International Orthoptera Conference:
Segovia, Spain, July 1989.
Annual Meetings of the Animal Behavior Society:
Cheney, Washington, August 1984;
Missoula, Montana, August 1988;
Binghamton, New York, June 1990;
Davis, California, July 1993;
Lincoln, Nebraska, July 1995;
Flagstaff, Arizona, August 1996;
Carbondale, Illinois, July 1998.
Boise, Idaho, July 2003.
International Society for Behavioral Ecology Conferences:
Vancouver, British Columbia, October 1988;
Princeton, New Jersey, August 1992;
Asilomar, California, July 1998;
Montreal, Canada, July 2002.
Gordon Research Conference, Quantitative and Evolutionary Genetics:
Ventura, California, February 2003.
Referee Activities: Journals
Acta Oecologica
American Midland Naturalist
American Naturalist
Animal Behaviour
Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Arab Gulf Journal of Science
Auk
Behavioral Ecology
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
Behaviour
Biotropica
Canadian Entomologist
Ecology
Environmental Entomology
Ethology
Ethology Ecology and Evolution
European Journal of Entomology
Evolution
Florida Entomologist
Herpetologica
Insectes Sociaux
Journal of Chemical Ecology
Journal of Comparative Physiology A
Journal of Insect Behavior
Journal of Insect Physiology
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
Journal of Natural History
Journal of Orthoptera Research
Nature
Naturwissenschaften
Oecologia
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
Physiological Entomology
Proceedings of the Royal Society B
Science
Granting agencies
Austrian Science Fund
National Environmental Research Council (U.K.)
National Geographic Society
National Science Foundation
Organization for Tropical Studies
Smithsonian Institution
U.S. Department of Agriculture
U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation
National Reviewing Committees:
Panel for Animal Behavior Program of the National Science Foundation
(1993-1996)
Panel for Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grants (DDIG), Animal Behavior
and Ecological & Evolutionary Physiology, National Science Foundation
(2000-2001)
Invited Workshop Activities:
Animal Behavior Metadata Workshop; Ithaca, New York; April 2004.
Editorships:
Animal Behaviour (editor; 2000-2003)
Insect Science (editorial board; 2004- )
Professional Society Activities:
Allee Award Committee, Animal Behavior Society (1995)
University Academic Committees:
U.C.L.A.
Committee on educational development (1984-1987)
Committee on educational policy (1987-1990)
U.C.L.A. Biology Department
Graduate student support and admissions (1982-83, 1985-87, chair 1987-1988)
Minority affairs (1983-1988)
Organismal biology fund (1987-1990)
Promotions (1988-1990)
Search committees for Animal Behavior, Ornithology, and Physiological Ecology
Univ. of Kansas
Committee on Latin American Studies
Committee on Sabbatical Leave (1997)
Univ. of Kansas, Division of Biological Sciences
Associate Chair, Entomology (1993-95); Chair, Entomology (Aug. 1995 - Dec. 1998)
Seminars, Entomology (1992-95)
Curriculum, Entomology (+ Div. of Biological Sciences)
Field Trips, Entomology (1992-96)
Graduate Student Support and Admissions, Entomology (1995-99)
General Research Fund (1994-95)
Sabbatical, Ecology & Evolutionary Biology (2000)
Undergraduate Committee, Ecology & Evolutionary Biology (2001)
Search committee for Mechanisms of Behavior (2001)
Search committee for Theoretical Ecology (2004)
Curriculum committee, Ecology & Evolutionary Biology (2004-2005, chair)
M.A. students (U.C.L.A.)
Daniel Gilman, 1985
Afsenah Matin-Asgari, 1987
(Univ. of Kansas)
Yikweon Jang, 1994, thesis: “Ultrasonic signaling and female phonotaxis
in Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)”;
current position: see under Ph.D. students below.
Marc Branham, 1995, thesis: “Sexual selection in bioluminescent signaling: female choice for high male flash rates in the firefly
Photinus consimilis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)”; current position: Assistant Professor, Entomology, Univ. of Florida.
Ph.D. students (U.C.L.A.)
Ethel M. Villalobos, 1990, dissertation: “Reproductive strategies in solitary
Hymenoptera: plasticity in mating and nesting behaviors”;
current position: Education coordinator, Organization for Tropical
Studies (OTS), San Jose, Costa Rica.
Guang-yu Wang, 1990, dissertation: “Dominance in territorial grasshoppers: studies of causation and development”;
current position: Environmental Scientist, Santa Monica Bay
Restoration Project (State of California).
(Univ. of Kansas)
Yikweon Jang, 1997, dissertation: “Evolution and genetics of mate
preference in an ultrasonic pyralid moth”;
current position: Postdoctoral fellow, University of Missouri.
Amy McMillan, 1998, dissertation: “Genetic differentiation in metapopulations: effects of demographic characteristics, extinction,
recolonization mode, and number of colonists “;
current position: Assistant Professor, Biology, SUNY College at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
Feng-you Jia, 1999, dissertation: “Evolution and maintenance of sexually
selected traits in the lesser wax moth”;
current position: Research Assistant Professor, Kansas State Univ.
Rafael Rodriguez S., 2002, dissertation: “Functional design in the communication system of an ultrasonic moth”;
current position: Postdoctoral researcher, University of MIssouri.
LaRoy S. E. Brandt, 2003, dissertation: “Evolutionary origin and consequences of female mate choice in an ultrasonic moth, Achroia grisella”;
current position: Instructor, State Fair Community College, Sedalia, Missouri.
Hang-Kyo Lim,
Jeffrey Cole,
Postdoctoral trainees
Todd E. Shelly, 1983-1985;
current position: Research Scientist, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS.
Robert L. Minckley, 1992-1994;
current position: Adjunct Res. Prof., Univ. of Rochester.
W. Andrew Snedden, 1995-2001;
Klaus Reinhold, 1995-1997;
current position: Professor, Univ. of Bielefeld, Germany.
Anne Danielson-François, 2002-2004 ;
current position : Huxley Postdoctoral Fellow, Rice Univ.
Graduate committees
M.A. 3 students at U.C.L.A.;
6 students at Univ. of Kansas:
(David Banks, Janice Daniel, Olga Helmy, Stephanie Thomas, Danel Vickerman, Kelly Williams)
Ph.D. 11 students at U.C.L.A.:
(Roger Anderson, Michael Chotkowski, Anson Gong, Matthew Grober, David Holway, Ann Keddy, John Lighton, Pamela Lopez, Kenneth Morgan, Jamie Uyehara, William Weaver)
15 students at Univ. of Kansas:
(Marina Anciaes, Robert Anderson, Jimena Araçena, Erica Barthelmess, Kimberly Bostwick, Nancy Cohen, Darren Good, Mary Greenberg, Gabriel de Melo, Ginger Miller, Nicolaas Prins, Nathan Rice, Elizabeth Smith, Clare Wuellner, Jun Zhang)
external examiner for:
2 Ph.D. students at Univ. of Calif. - San Diego:
(William Kraus, Randall Ryti)
1 Ph.D. student at Univ. of Calif. - Berkeley:
(Marco Barzman)
1 Ph.D. student at Univ. of Melbourne (Australia):
(Ian King)
Laboratory visitors/research collaborators:
Winston J. Bailey; Perth, Australia; 1988.
Sang-ock Park; Taegu, Korea; 1990.
Sylvia Cremer; Erlangen, Germany; 1996.
Eran Tauber; Jerusalem, Israel; 1998.
Bjorn Ludwar (Fulbright Awardee); Erlangen, Germany; 1998-1999.
Interviews and Service for News Media and other Public Outreach:
Nova, Television episode on mimcry; May 1981
BBC film crew at Deep Canyon, California; July 1988.
Los Angeles Times, Science Editor; Nov. 1988.
National Park Service, Big Bend National Park, Texas, Tourist Publication; Aug. 1992.
New York Times, Science Editor; Aug. 1993.
National Public Radio, Science Reporter; Sept. 1993.
Popular Science, Research Editor; Nov. 1996.
New Scientist, Research Editor; Oct. 1997.
Channel 5, Kansas City Television Station, Science Reporter; June 1998.
Science News, Research Editor; Mar. 1999.
Science, Research Editor; Sept. 1999.
KUAT, Tucson, Ariz. NPR station, Science Reporter; Apr. 2000.
New Scientist, Research Reporter; May 2001.
Discovery Center of Idaho, Science Exhibits; May 2002.
Science News, Research Editor; Dec. 2002.
Canadian Naturalist, Editor; Jan. 2003.